4-Bit Down Counter Verilog Code and Test Bench

This document provides Verilog code for a 4-bit down counter and its corresponding test bench.

4-Bit Down Counter Verilog Code

Here’s the Verilog code for a 4-bit down counter.

`define TICK #2
module downCntr(clk, reset, Q);
  input clk, reset;
  output [3:0] Q;
  reg [3:0] Q;

  // Behavioral Code for a Down Counter
  always @ (posedge clk)
  begin
    if (~reset)
    begin
      Q <= Q-1;
    end
  end

  always @ (posedge reset)
  begin
    Q <= 4'b0000;
  end

endmodule

Explanation:

• “define TICK #2: This line defines a macro named TICK`, which is used to represent a time delay (in this case, 2 time units). This is useful for controlling simulation timing.

• module downCntr(clk, reset, Q);: This declares a module named downCntr with inputs clk (clock) and reset, and an output Q (the 4-bit counter value).

• input clk, reset;: Declares clk and reset as inputs.

• output [3:0] Q;: Declares Q as a 4-bit output.

• reg [3:0] Q;: Declares Q as a 4-bit register, as it will be assigned a value within the always block.

• always @ (posedge clk): This block is triggered on the positive edge of the clock.

• if (~reset): Checks if the reset signal is low (active low reset).

• Q <= Q-1;: If the reset is not asserted, the counter decrements its value by 1 on each clock cycle.

• always @ (posedge reset): This block is triggered on the positive edge of the reset signal.

• Q <= 4'b0000;: When the reset signal is asserted (high), the counter is reset to 0.

4-Bit Down Counter Test Bench Code

The following Verilog code provides the test bench for the 4-bit down counter.

module main;
  reg clk, reset;
  wire [3:0] Q;

  downCntr dnCntr1(clk, reset, Q);

  initial
  begin
    forever
    begin
      clk <= 0; #5 clk <= 1; #5 clk <= 0;
    end
  end

  initial
  begin
    reset = 1; #12 reset = 0; #170 reset = 1; #12 reset = 0;
  end

endmodule

Explanation:

• module main;: Defines the test bench module named main.

• reg clk, reset;: Declares clk and reset as registers, as they will be driven by the test bench.

• wire [3:0] Q;: Declares Q as a wire, connecting it to the output of the downCntr module.

• downCntr dnCntr1(clk, reset, Q);: Instantiates the downCntr module, connecting its inputs and outputs.

• initial begin ... end: These blocks define the initial behavior of the clock and reset signals.

• The first initial block generates a clock signal with a period of 10 time units (5 for low and 5 for high).

• The second initial block applies a reset signal. It starts asserted, de-asserts after 12 time units, re-asserts after 170 time units, and de-asserts again after another 12 time units. This allows you to observe the counter’s behavior with and without reset conditions.