VHDL Language Tutorial: Concepts and Implementation

This VHDL language tutorial covers VHDL concepts including entity, architecture, process, ports of mode, object types, VHDL data types, operators, and an example VHDL implementation. VHDL stands for VHSIC Hardware Description Language, where VHSIC is an abbreviation for Very High-Speed Integrated Circuits.

VHDL is a programming language used to describe the behavior of digital circuits, from simple logic gates (few gate counts) to complex logic chips containing several million gates. It can be used for both designing circuits and writing test benches.

VHDL Concepts

Entity/Architecture

Every VHDL design unit consists of an Entity and an Architecture declaration, along with optional configurations, package declarations, and package bodies.

An Entity defines the component’s input and output port signals (the interface). It provides a “black box” view of the design. The mode of I/O ports can be in, out, inout, or buffer, depending on the design. Every Entity declaration must be accompanied by at least one corresponding Architecture declaration. The entity definition also defines generic parameters if they are used in the module.

The Architecture unit of the design describes the behavior of the design (the component’s function). There are three main styles of description: behavioral, dataflow, and structural.

1. Behavioral description: Consists of several process statements. Behavioral descriptions are usually written in a sequential, procedural manner.
2. Dataflow description: Generally used for describing simple logic blocks, it consists of concurrent statements. All the data paths and control signals are shown in the dataflow method.
3. Structural method: Various components are instantiated and interconnected. It is primarily used for interconnecting components.

Each method can be used depending on the needs of the design. The Behavioral style of VHDL is very similar to the C language. It uses if-else, case, while, and many other similar constructs as in C, and the statements inside a process block are executed sequentially as in C.

EXAMPLE Entity:

The primary purpose of the Entity is to declare signals in the component’s interface. The Entity gives the “black box” view of the module, i.e., the I/O ports, as can be seen from Figure 1.

entity half_adder IS
 port (
  din1, din2       : in  std_logic ;  -- Inputs
  sum, carry      : out std_logic
 ); --outputs
end half_adder ;

Architecture defines the functionality of the circuit with respect to ports.

-- data flow method
architecture hf_arch_dataflow of half_adder is
begin
 Sum   <= din1 xor din2;
 Carry <= din and din2;
end hf_arch_dataflow

Now, let’s use this half_adder component to construct a full_adder. Here we make use of structural coding style. The figure below shows a full adder constructed from two half adder components.

entity full_adder is
 port (
  din1, din2, carry_in : in  std_logic ;  -- inputs
  Sum_out,carry_out  : out std_logic
 ); -- outputs
End full_adder;

architecture full_adder_Arch of full_adder is
 --Component Instantiate
 component half_adder
  port (
   din1, din2  : in  std_logic;  -- Inputs
   sum, carry : out std_logic
  ); --outputs
 end component;

 signal temp1,temp2,temp3: std_logic; // signal declaration for storing intermediate value

begin
 --interconnection of components i.e port mapping
 H1: half_adder  port map(din1,din2,temp1,temp3);
 H2: half_adder  port map(temp1,carry_in,sum_out,temp2);
 O1:or_gate    port map(temp2,temp3,carry_out);
 --behavioral code for OR gate is described
 --later in the section
end full_adder_Arch;

Process

The process block is the core of the behavioral style. Statements within a process block are executed in a sequential manner. Behavioral models are made up exclusively of process blocks. The variables which are passed within a process block is called sensitivity list. The statements enclosed between 'begin' and 'end' keywords are sequentially executed. All the other process blocks in the design run Concurrently with respect to each other.

Example:

entity or_gate is
 port (in1,in2: in std_logic; d_out: out std_logic);
end or_gate;

architecture behv of or_gates is
begin
 process(in1,in2) --process statement
 begin
  -- compare to truth table
  if ((in1='0') and (in2='0')) then
   d_out <= '0';
  else
   d_out <= '1';
  end if;
 end process;
end behv;

Ports of Mode

The Port mode of the interface describes the direction in which data travels.

• IN: An in port is a unidirectional port. It can be read but cannot be updated within the module.
• OUT: An out port can be updated but not read within the module; it carries information outside the module.
• INOUT: The inout mode is used for bidirectional ports.
• BUFFER: The buffer mode is used for outputs whose values are also required inside the entity

Object Types

• Signals: Signals are used as interconnects between components and also to store temporary values. Signals can be declared internal to the architecture and are not available externally to the architecture.

• Constant: A constant is an object whose value may never be changed during the simulation process.

  constant PI:real=3.141592653
  

• Variable: A variable is an object whose value may be changed after creation.

  counter: process (x,y)
  variable counter : integer := -1;
  begin
   counter:= counter +1;
  end process;
  

VHDL Data Types

• Enumeration types:
  • Boolean ("TRUE", "FALSE")
  • Bit type ("0","1")
  • Character ("b","f")
  • String ("Hello")
• Integer types (375, 284)
• Float types (1.057, 0.45)
• Standard logic

Operators

EXAMPLE VHDL Implementation

Let us implement a simple scrambler/randomizer which is used in the IEEE 802.16d standard, as per the circuit shown below.

SCRAMBLER CIRCUIT

SCRAMBLER VHDL CODE

library IEEE;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_1164.ALL;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_ARITH.ALL;
use IEEE.STD_LOGIC_UNSIGNED.ALL;

entity Randomizer is
 port(
  clk  : in  std_logic;
  reset  : in  std_logic;
  load  : in  std_logic;
  seed : in  std_logic_vector(14 downto 0);
  data_input : in  std_logic;
  valid_input : in  std_logic;
  data_output : out std_logic;
  valid_output : out std_logic
 );
end Randomizer;

architecture behaviour of Randomizer is
 Signal shift_reg : std_logic_vector(14 downto 0);
 signal valid_input1  : std_logic;
 signal data_input1  : std_logic;
begin
 Process( clk,reset)
 begin
  if reset = '1' then
   shift_reg <= (others => '0');
   valid_input1  <= '0';
   data_input1  <= '0';
   valid_output  <= '0';
   data_output  <= '0';
  elsif clk'event and clk = '1' then
   valid_input1<=valid_input;
   data_input1 <=data_input;
   if load='1' then
    shift_reg(0) <= seed(14);
    shift_reg(1) <= seed(13);
    shift_reg(2) <= seed(12);
    shift_reg(3) <= seed(11);
    shift_reg(4) <= seed(10);
    shift_reg(5) <= seed(9);
    shift_reg(6) <= seed(8);
    shift_reg(7) <= seed(7);
    shift_reg(8) <= seed(6);
    shift_reg(9) <= seed(5);
    shift_reg(10) <= seed(4);
    shift_reg(11) <= seed(3);
    shift_reg(12) <= seed(2);
    shift_reg(13) <= seed(1);
    shift_reg(14) <= seed(0);
   elsif valid_input='1' then
    shift_reg(14) <= shift_reg(13);
    shift_reg(13) <= shift_reg(12);
    shift_reg(12) <= shift_reg(11);
    shift_reg(11) <= shift_reg(10);
    shift_reg(10) <= shift_reg(9);
    shift_reg(9)  <= shift_reg(8);
    shift_reg(8)  <= shift_reg(7);
    shift_reg(7)  <= shift_reg(6);
    shift_reg(6)  <= shift_reg(5);
    shift_reg(5)  <= shift_reg(4);
    shift_reg(4)  <= shift_reg(3);
    shift_reg(3)  <= shift_reg(2);
    shift_reg(2)  <= shift_reg(1);
    shift_reg(1)  <= shift_reg(0);
    shift_reg(0)  <= shift_reg(13) xor shift_reg(14);
   end if;

   if valid_input1 = '1' then
    data_output  <= shift_reg(0) xor data_input1;
    valid_output <= '1';
   else
    data_output  <= '0';
    valid_output <= '0';
   end if;
  end if;
 end process;
end behaviour;