Understanding EV Charging Modes: A Comprehensive Guide

This article breaks down the different EV charging modes, including Mode 1, Mode 2, Mode 3, and Mode 4. We’ll cover the key differences between these modes and their typical applications. The charging mode essentially dictates the protocol used between the electric vehicle (EV) and the charging station, ensuring safe communication during the charging process. There are two primary charging methods: AC charging and DC charging.

EV charging stations are becoming increasingly common, providing convenient charging options for electric vehicle owners.

The figure above illustrates the different EV charging modes.

Let’s dive into the specifics of each mode.

EV Charging Mode 1

• Application: Household socket and extension cord

• This mode involves charging directly from a standard power outlet using a simple extension cord, without any advanced safety measures.

• In Mode 1, the vehicle is connected to the power grid via standard socket outlets (typically with a standard current of 10A) found in residential buildings.

• For safe operation in Mode 1, the electrical installation must comply with safety regulations and include a proper earthing system. A circuit breaker should be installed to protect against overload and earth leakage. The sockets should also have shutters to prevent accidental contact.

• It’s important to note that Mode 1 charging has been outlawed in many countries due to its inherent safety risks.

EV Charging Mode 2

• Application: Domestic socket and cable with a protection device

• In this mode, the vehicle is connected to the main power supply through household socket outlets, similar to Mode 1.

• Recharging can be done using a single-phase or three-phase network with earthing.

• A protective device is integrated into the charging cable to enhance safety.

• Mode 2 charging can be more expensive due to the stringent cable specifications required.

• The cable used in Mode 2 EV charging can provide in-cable Residual Current Device (RCD) protection, over-current protection, over-temperature protection, and protective earth detection.

• Thanks to these safety features, power will only be delivered to the vehicle if the Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE) has met certain conditions:

  • Protective Earth is valid.
  • No error condition exists (e.g., over-current, over-temperature).
  • The vehicle has been plugged in (detected via a pilot data line).
  • The vehicle has requested power (detected via a pilot data line).

• Mode 2 charging connections of EVs to the AC supply network are typically limited to a maximum of 32A and 250V AC (single-phase) or 480V AC.

EV Charging Mode 3

• Application: Specific socket on a dedicated circuit

• In Mode 3, the vehicle is connected directly to the electrical network using a specific socket and plug designed for EV charging.

• A control and protection function is also integrated into the charging station.

• This mode adheres to applicable standards that regulate electrical installations, ensuring a higher level of safety and reliability.

• Mode 3 allows for load shedding, meaning household appliances can be used simultaneously while the vehicle is being charged without overloading the circuit.

EV Charging Mode 4

• Application: Direct current connection for fast charging

• In this mode, the EV is connected to the main power grid through an external charger.

• Control and protection functions are incorporated within the charging station.

• Mode 4 utilizes a wired-in DC charging station, commonly found in public places or even at home, enabling fast charging of electric vehicles.