Rheostat vs. Potentiometer: Key Differences Explained

rheostat
potentiometer
variable resistor
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electronics

This article explores the distinctions between rheostats and potentiometers, two devices used to vary resistance in circuits, thereby controlling current or voltage.

Rheostat

  • A rheostat is a two-terminal device.
  • It’s connected in series with the load and voltage source.
  • The primary function of a rheostat is to vary the current in a circuit.
  • As the wiper (adjustable contact) moves, the resistance changes. Moving the wiper “up” (in a typical schematic representation) increases resistance, while moving it in the opposite direction decreases it.
  • Crucially, a rheostat must have a wattage rating sufficient to handle the maximum current (II) when the resistance (RR) is at its minimum value.

Rheostat vs Potentiometer

Potentiometer

  • A potentiometer is a three-terminal device.
  • Its end terminals are connected across a voltage source.
  • The third, variable arm (wiper) taps a portion of the applied voltage.
  • The applied voltage (VV) serves as the input to the two end terminals.
  • The output voltage (VoutV_{out}), which is variable, is measured between the wiper and one of the end terminals.
  • A potentiometer can function as a rheostat. This is achieved by using only the wiper terminal and one of the other terminals, leaving the third terminal unconnected and unused.