Gyroscopes: Advantages and Disadvantages

This article explores the pros and cons of gyroscopes, devices used for navigation and angular velocity measurement. We’ll delve into their benefits and drawbacks, covering various types from mechanical to MEMS gyroscopes.

What is a Gyroscope?

A gyroscope is a device used for navigation and measuring angular velocity. A MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) gyroscope, in particular, utilizes a tiny vibrating mechanism to detect changes in orientation. These gyroscopes can measure rotational velocity along one, two, or three axes. A 3-axis accelerometer can be used to build a 3-axis gyroscope.

There are several types of gyroscopes, including mechanical, electronic, and MEMS gyroscopes. Each type has its own set of advantages and disadvantages.

Figure 2: Gyroscope Implementation using MEMS

Gyroscopes find applications in various fields. They are used in military ordnance as a backup when a GPS system fails. They are also used in 3D game controllers, headsets, digital cameras, drones, and automotive systems.

Advantages of Gyroscopes

Here are the key benefits of using gyroscopes:

• Small and Lightweight (MEMS): MEMS gyroscopes are extremely compact and lightweight, making them suitable for portable applications.
• High Resolution: Gyroscope sensor resolution is highly dependent on the rotor’s spin rate. It’s significantly higher than other force or tilt sensors.
• True North Indication: Unlike magnetic compasses, gyroscopic compasses indicate true north, making them preferable for high-precision navigation systems.
• Fast Operation: Gyroscopes are quick and responsive in operation.
• 3-Axis Orientation Measurement: They measure relative orientation on all three axes, providing comprehensive spatial data.
• Angular Velocity Measurement: Gyroscopes measure all types of rotation and angular velocity, but not linear movement.

Disadvantages of Gyroscopes

Despite their advantages, gyroscopes also have some drawbacks:

• Higher Cost: Gyroscopes can be a more expensive alternative for navigation and tilt sensing applications. However, the price of MEMS gyroscopes is decreasing due to advancements in MEMS technology.
• Earth Rotation Dependence: Free-moving gyroscopes are dependent on the Earth’s rotation. This can be a limitation for fast-moving objects traveling east to west.
• No Linear Motion or Static Angle Measurement: Gyroscopes do not measure linear motion in any direction, nor do they measure static angles of orientation.
• Azimuth Drift: They are subject to relative azimuth drift, unlike compasses.