Basics of LTE Technology
This tutorial section on LTE basics covers following sub topics:
Main page
features
terminologies
Frame
TDD FDD
Channel types
PHY
stack
throughput
VoLTE
CA
cell search
network entry
Timers
PSS vs SSS
Security
LTE Bands
EARFCN
Hotspot
router
LTE tutorial-Page2
This tutorial on LTE covers following topics.
Introduction:
LTE is the next generation of technology which is backward compatible with cellular technologies such as HSPA,GSM,CDMA etc.
LTE means Long Term Evolution.LTE which is known as 4G technology is being specified in Release 8 and 9 of the 3GPP standard.
Release 10 is referred as LTE-Advanced.
The LTE radio transmission and reception specifications are documented in TS 36.101 for the UE (
User Equipment) and TS 36.104 for the eNB (Evolved Node B).
Downlink and uplink transmission in LTE are based on the use of multiple access technologies: specifically, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) for the downlink, and single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) for the uplink.
The work on the specifications is ongoing, and many of the technical documents are updated quarterly. The latest versions of the 36-series documents can be found at https://www.3gpp.org/ftp/specs/archive/36_series/
LTE Physical layer is described in TS36.211 and TS36.212 releases. 36.211 mentions physical channels and modulation while 36.212 mentions multiplexing and channel coding.
LTE system basic parameters and LTE Frame structure:
Frame Size=10ms
No. of slots=20.
No of Slots per Sub frame =2.
Slot duration=0.5 ms
Sub frame duration=1 ms
Basic time unit Ts for BW of 20MHz, (1/15000)*2048 seconds equal to 32.55ns.
There are two types of frames in LTE;FDD and TDD.
Type 1, applicable to FDD- Here there are total 20 slots, each is 0.5ms.
2 slots constitute 1 sub frame. Total Frame duration is 10ms.
Type 2, applicable to TDD- Here there are 10 sub frames, each is 1 ms,sub frame 0 and 5 are dedicated for downlink always while sub frames 1 and 6 are dedicated for control frame.Sub frames 2, 3, 4 and 7, 8, 9 depend on UL/DL configuration table defined in the standard.Frame has switch point periodicity of 5 ms.
LTE Features
The key features of LTE physical layer are mentioned below.
Channel Bandwidth: 1.4/3/5/10/15/20 MHz
FFT size : 128/256/512/1024/1536/2048
Cyclic Prefix : Normal, Extended
DL multiple access: OFDMA
UL multiple access: SC-FDMA
Duplexing :FDD & TDD
Subcarrier mapping: Localized
Subcarrier hopping: Yes
Data Modulation : QPSK/16QAM/64QAM
Subcarrier spacing: 15KHz
Channel Coding : convolutional coding and turbo coding
MIMO :2 or 4 at transmit and 2 or 4 at receive side
HARQ :incremental redundancy
3GPP released documents of LTE and LTE-advanced are available at 3GPP web site- https://www.3gpp.org
REFERENCES
1. TS 36.201- Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); LTE physical layer; General description
2. TS 36.211- Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Physical channels and modulation
3. TS 36.212- Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Multiplexing and channel coding
4. LTE Terminology
LTE Tutorial related links
What is LTE?
Terminology
3GPP ref
LTE tutorial
LTE Features
UE categories
LTE Bands
EARFCN vs frequency
LTE frame
FDD vs TDD
PHY
protocol stack
throughput
VoLTE
CA
UE cell search
UE network entry
Timers
PSS vs SSS
LTE RS DMRS SRS
LTE Channels
BW vs FS vs RB
Zadoff chu sequence
LTE Advanced
eNodeB Measurements
UE Measurements
SC-FDMA Vs OFDMA
LTE Security